GASTRIC

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A.  Background

Gastric disease is one of the popular in the community, that easy disease among all ages experienced.

Moreover this disease is no longer in foreign among teens, thus we need to know this disease, that we can watch and prevention order do not infected.
inside this paper, will be described on the definition of gastric, gastric causes, symptoms, nursing interventions, and advice for people with gastric disease.

B. Destination

After studying and understanding the gastric problem, hopefully we can all take precautions to avoid gastric disease.

 

CHAPTER II  DISCUSS

A.Definition

Gastric trouble is mainly stomach disturbances, which is also broadly described as constipation and indigestion. Gastric trouble is suffered by people of all ages. The main symptoms of Gastric trouble are sounds in abdomen, tensed stomach, swollen abdomen, release of wind with sound from anal passage and belching.

B.  Causes

Gastric pain can be felt anywhere in the upper abdominal region. While in most cases it may be nothing more than a simple matter of indigestion, acidity or heartburn, in many cases it could signify something more serious that would require immediate medical attention. The severity of the pain by no means indicates the seriousness of the condition. Even minor causes such as stomach bloating or distension can result in severe pain. However, even mild pain may be an indication of a serious condition such as appendicitis or even cancer. For this reason it is important to consult your doctor especially in cases where the pain persists for a long time.

The type of pain you experience will help your doctor make a diagnosis of the underlying cause. Generalized pain usually occurs in cases of indigestion, gas or a viral infection. Severe generalized pain may be indicative of a blockage of the intestine. Localized pain on the other hand may be symptomatic of a problem with any of the organs in the abdominal region. Pain that comes in waves, somewhat akin to colic, that is severe and starts and ends in a sudden manner may be caused by gallstones or kidney stones. Cramping pain may be a sign of a bacterial infection in the stomach.

Other possible causes of gastric pain include:

• Appendicitis
• Bacterial or viral infections
• Cholecystitis or inflammation of the gallbladder
• Constipation
• Cancer
• Dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Diverticulitis
• Food poisoning such as salmonella or gastroenteritis
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Kidney stones
• Lactose intolerance
• Menstrual cramps
• Pancreatitis
• Shingles
• Tumors
• Ulcers
•  

C.  Symptoms

The symptoms that accompany gastric pain, be they acid indigestion, heartburn, bloating or abdominal distention along with the type of pain, play a big role in the diagnosis of the problem. Diagnosis of the cause of gastric pain can be a tricky affair. The characteristics of the pain you are experiencing and along with the physical examination will help point the doctor in the correct direction. Laboratory tests can help confirm the diagnosis and a suitable course of treatment decided upon.

Some of the characteristics of the pain that need to be considered include:

• The manner in which the pain begins - A sudden onset of abdominal pain may suggest a blockage of the bile duct by a gallstone or insufficient blood supply to the colon.
• The location of the pain - Pain in the lower right side of the abdomen may be caused by appendicitis while pain in the lower left side of the abdomen may be a result of diverticulitis. Pain in the upper right side of the abdomen may be due to a gallbladder disorder such as cholecystitis or biliary colic.
• The pattern of pain - Cramp like pain that occurs in waves may be indicative of an intestinal problem such as a blockage of the intestine. A steady pain that typically lasts for up to several hours at a time may be due to the presence of gallstones. Severe pain that does not let up and radiates from the upper abdomen to the upper back may be due to pancreatitis.
• The duration of the pain - Pain from irritable bowel syndrome may last for years and appears periodically while biliary colic will last for a few hours only.
• Factors that both aggravate and relieve the pain are also important considerations.

D.Gastritis Clinical Manifestations
1. Acute Gastritis
namely Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, gastrointestinal bleeding in hematemesis melena, a further sign that anemia.
2. Chronic Gastritis
Most clients do not have any complaints, only a minority complains of heartburn, anorexia, nausea, and anemia complaints and physical examination no abnormalities encountered.

E.Pathophysiology Gastritis
• Acute Gastritis
Irritant into the stomach will mengiitasi gastric mucosa.
If the gastric mucosa is irritated there are 2 things will happen:
1. Because gastric mucosal irritation occurs as compensation stomach. Will increase the secretion of gastric mucosa in the form of HCO3, in gastric HCO3 will bind with NaCl to produce HCI and NaCO3.
Results from penyawaan will increase stomach acid. If stomach acid increases it will increase nausea and vomiting, there will be a fluid and electrolyte disturbances nutrition.
2. Gastric mucosal irritation will cause mucosal inflammation, if the mucus produced can protect gastric mucosa from damage will occur hemostatis HCL and healing will eventually happen but if it fails to protect the mucous gastric mucosa erosion will occur in the gastric mucosa. If erosion is going on and to the lining of blood vessels bleeding will occur that will cause pain and hypovolemik.
• Chronic Gastritis
Chronic gastritis Acute gastritis caused by recurrent irritation of the gastric mucosa resulting in repetitive and healing were not perfect result would be atrhopi gland epithelial cell loss and cell pariental chief. Because pariental cells and chief cells lost the production of HCL. Pepsin and other intinsik function will decrease and also the stomach wall becomes thin and flat mukosanya, Gastritis can also be cured and there is bleeding and ulcer formation.

F.Complications of Gastritis
1. Complications arise in Acute Gastritis, which is upper gastrointestinal bleeding (SCBA) and melena hemotemesis form, ending with hemorrhagic syock, ulcer occurs, if the process is a great and rare perforation.
2. Complications arising Chronic Gastritis, which is impaired absorption of vitamin B 12, due to lack of absorption, causing anemia pernesiosa B 12, impaired iron absorption and narrowing of the antrum region pylorus.Manifestasi Gastritis Clinic
1. Acute Gastritis
namely Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, gastrointestinal bleeding in hematemesis melena, a further sign that anemia.
2. Chronic Gastritis
Most clients do not have any complaints, only a minority complains of heartburn, anorexia, nausea, and anemia complaints and physical examination no abnormalities encountered.

G.Medical management Gastritis
1. Acute Gastritis
Giving H2 blocking drugs (H2 receptor antagonists). Proton pump inhibitors, and antacids ankikolinergik (gastric ulcer drugs for that matter). The function of the drug to regulate the secretion of gastric acid.
2. Chronic Gastritis
Providing drugs or empiric treatment in the form of antacids, H2 antagonists or proton pump inhibitors.

H. Nursing Care in Patients with Gastritis
Nursing Assessment on Askep Gastritis
1. Predisposing factors and precipitation
Predisposing factors are chemicals, smoking, caffeine, steroids, analgesics, anti-inflammatory, vinegar or pepper.
Presipitasinya factor is the habit of consuming alcohol and smoking, drug use, diet and irregular diet and lifestyle such as lack of rest.
2. Test diagnostics
Endoscopy: Multi erosion would seem that most often bloody and lying scattered.
Examination Hispatologi: will appear mucosal damage due to erosion never passed muscularis mucosa.
Radiology examination.
Laboratory examination.
Gastric Analysis: to determine the level of secretion of HCL, HCL secretion decreases in clients with chronic gastritis. Serum vitamin B12 levels: normal value 200-1000 Pg / ml, low levels of vitamin B12 are megalostatik anemia. Hemagiobi levels, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes, and albumin. Gastroscopy. To determine the mucosal surface (changes) to identify areas of bleeding and take tissue for a biopsy.

I.Gastritis Nursing Diagnosis in Askep
1. Resti disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance volume is less than body requirements related to inadequate intake, vomiting.
2. Impaired nutritional needs less than body requirements related to inadequate intake, anorexia.
3. Impaired sense of comfort pain associated with inflammation of gastric mucosa.
4. Activity limitations related to physical weakness.
5. Lack of knowledge about the diseases associated with a lack of information.

Nursing Intervention on Askep Gastritis
Nursing Diagnosis 1. : Resti disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance volume is less than body requirements related to inadequate intake, vomiting.
Purpose:
Resti fluid balance disturbance does not occur.
Criteria results:
Moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, electrolytes back to normal, capillary refill pink, stable vital signs, input and output balance.
Intervention:
Assess signs and symptoms of dehydration, TTV observations, measuring intake and encourage clients to drink out ± 1500-2500ml, observation of skin and mucous membranes, collaboration with physicians in intravenous fluids.
Nursing Diagnosis 2. : Impaired nutritional needs less than body requirements related to inadequate intake, anorexia.
Destination
Overcome nutritional deficiencies.
Criteria results:
Stable weight, normal laboratory values ​​albumin, no nausea and vomiting BB within normal limits, normal bowel sounds.
Intervention:
Assess food intake, weigh BB regularly, provide oral care on a regular basis, encourage clients to eat little but often, give food in warm, auscultation of bowel sounds, examine food preferences, supervised laboratory tests such as: hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin.
Nursing Diagnosis 3. : Impaired sense of comfort pain associated with inflammation of gastric mucosa.
Purpose:
Pain can be reduced / lost.
Criteria results:
The pain is gone / controlled, looked relaxed and able to sleep / rest, pain scale indicates the number 0.
Intervention:
Assess pain scale and location of pain, TTV observations, provide a quiet and comfortable environment, encourage relaxation technique with deep breathing, perform collaborative drug delivery according indication to reduce the pain.
Nursing Diagnosis 4. : Limitations of activities related to physical weakness.
Purpose:
Limitations of activity resolved.
Criteria results:
K / u both, the client is not supported by the family in the activity.
Intervention:
Increase bed rest or sit, provide a quiet and comfortable environment, limit visitors, encourage the use of relaxation techniques, assess gastric tenderness, give medications as indicated.
Nursing Diagnosis 5. : Lack of knowledge about the diseases associated with a lack of information.
Purpose:
Lack of knowledge is resolved.
Criteria results:
Clients can mention the understanding, causes, signs and symptoms, treatment, prevention, and treatment.
Intervention:
Assess the level of knowledge of the client, give health education (counseling) on ​​the disease, given the opportunity to ask clients or family, tell about the importance of drugs to cure the client.

Evaluation of Nursing at Askep Gastritis
Evaluation of a client with Gastrtitis, namely:
1. Fluid and electrolyte balance is resolved
2. Nutritional needs resolved
3. Reduced pain disorders
4. Clients can perform activities
5. Knowledge of clients increases.

J. Suggestion

Food Tips:

Gastric pain can be minimized by eating easily digestible foods and drinking lots of fluids. In order to avoid symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea you should eat only those foods that you are comfortable with. Consume small amounts of bland food and drinks at a time. Your doctor will advise you about a proper diet that takes into account your special needs.

Home Remedies:

• Two of the most commonly used home remedies for gastric pain include garlic soup and lemon juice with water. Garlic soup can be made by grinding together garlic, black pepper, coriander seeds and cumin seeds. Add it to water and boil.
• Lemon juice with warm water should be had first thing in the morning.
• Drinking large amounts of water throughout the course of the day will go a long way into making things a lot easier for you. A recommended intake of about 6 eight ounce glasses at a minimum on a daily basis should be followed.
• Herbal teas prepared with some blackberry, mint, chamomile and raspberry will significantly help with effective digestion.
• Drinking a glass of water with a little bit of baking soda mixed in it will provide almost instant relief. Coconut water is known to be extremely beneficial when it comes to treating gastritis as it provides the stomach with the required amount of rest along with a replenishment of essential nutrients and vitamins. The stomach can actually be returned to a normal condition simply by drinking nothing but coconut water for a period of twenty four hours.
• Fasting for a period of two or three days will help the stomach to rest and allow the toxic conditions causing any inflammation to subside.
• Avoid any intake of alcohol, meat, red pepper, sour foods, strong teas and coffee or even pastries and cakes for faster recovery.

Exercises For Gastric

1.This exercise for gastric is called the child pose. Sit in a crawling position, then slowly lower your back onto your heels and at the same time ower the head to touch the mat. You are sure to feel a strain on your back and pressure in your stomach. Hold the position for 30 seconds and then release.

2.The second best exercise for gastric is a yoga position called pawanmuktasan. Lie flat on your back, bend your knee and bring it up to your chest. Hold your leg close to your chest with your hands and try to press it against your chest. Hold it for few seconds. Then place your leg back on the mat and pull up the next leg.

3.Gastric pain also occurs when the gas locks in your system. Walking is a great exercise for gastric. Even if it pains, go for walk. It workout your system and nutralises the gas and also helps it to pass.

4.Lie flat on your back, lift two legs and make sure that your hips are not touching the ground. In this position do the cycling exercise for five minutes. This also helps in removing gas.

Try these four exercises for gastric for fast relief. These exercises can also be practiced regularly to prevent yourself from gastric problems.

1.      Avoid foods and drinks that contain gas and too much fiber such as mustard, cabbage, certain fruits (jackfruit, banana), certain fibrous foods (amra), dried foods, carbonated or fizzy drinks
2. Avoid drinks that stimulate gastric acid expenditures include coffee, alcohol, white wine, citrus juice and whole milk
3. Avoid foods that are difficult to digest that may slow gastric emptying process, ie fatty foods, cake, cheese and chocolate
4. Avoid foods that directly damage the stomach, the food is spicy, vinegar, pepper and herbs that stimulate.
5. Avoid foods that weaken the esophageal valve that is alcohol, chocolate, fried foods and high fat
6. Avoid carbohydrate foods such as glutinous rice, noodles, rice noodles, corn, yams, cassava, taro and dodol
7. Avoid things that can improve your gas in the stomach such as chewing gum and smoking

CHAPTER III CLOSING

Conclusion

Gastritis can be divided into acute gastritis and chronic gastritis. Acute gastritis is caused by the use of drugs such as antacids, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), digesting food / drink that is too acidic or alkaline. While chronic gastritis caused by a bacterial infection Heliobacter pylori.
Symptoms include stinging or burning pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, bloating, weight loss.
Diagnosis of gastritis given after the patient had a series of tests such as blood tests, respiratory examination, fecal examination, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, to the upper GI X-ray.
Gastritis therapy performed by the administration of drugs antacids, analgesics and sedatives. Avoid foods / drinks that can damage the mucosal lining of the stomach such as coffee, food / beverage, alcoholic beverages, food / beverages and carbonated soft drinks, and others.